Origins and Evolution

The origin of the parking brake can be traced back to the earliest days of the automobile and, in fact, even earlier to horse-drawn carriages. The fundamental principle behind the parking brake is simple: provide a mechanical means to hold the vehicle stationary, especially when parked on an incline.

In the context of horse-drawn carriages, these brakes were often simple lever systems that applied pressure to the wheels, preventing them from rolling. As automobiles began to replace carriages, a need for a more robust and reliable braking system emerged. Early automobiles were primarily rear-wheel drive, and the rear wheels were the logical choice for implementing this stationary brake mechanism.

The first parking brakes in automobiles were hand-operated and directly engaged the rear brakes using cables. By pulling up on a lever, the driver could mechanically apply the brake shoes against the brake drum (or later, the brake pads against the brake rotor in disc brake systems). This mechanism worked independently of the car’s primary hydraulic braking system.

Safety was the main reason for developing and implementing this system. The primary hydraulic brake system, especially in early vehicles, could fail due to fluid leaks or other malfunctions. Having a mechanical backup ensured that the driver could still bring the vehicle to a stop. Additionally, the parking brake would ensure the car remained stationary when parked –especially on inclines– reducing the reliance on the transmission to keep the vehicle in place.

Over time, as vehicles evolved and technology improved, so did the design and function of the parking brake. However, the fundamental principle of providing a mechanical means of holding the vehicle stationary remains at its core. Today, while many vehicles still utilize a hand or foot-operated lever, electronic parking brakes, which engage with the push of a button and use electric motors to apply the brake, are becoming more prevalent.

How It Works

Understanding the parking brake requires delving into its core components. Parking brakes serve as a secondary braking system distinct from the vehicle’s main hydraulic brakes. When engaged, they keep the vehicle stationary, preventing any potential movement, especially when parked on hills. Most parking brakes operate through a mechanical system. When the parking brake is activated, usually via a hand lever or foot pedal, a series of cables connected to the brake mechanism are pulled taut. This action causes brake shoes or pads to press against a drum or rotor, creating friction and thus preventing the wheels from turning. In modern vehicles, especially those with electronic parking brakes, the process is managed by electric motors that, when activated, exert force on the brake pads. Regardless of the specific mechanism, the primary goal of the parking brake is to provide a redundant, non-hydraulic means of holding the vehicle stationary.

When to Use It

Parking brakes are essential tools for you to ensure your vehicle remains stationary in various situations. One of the primary scenarios is when parking on an incline or decline, where the parking brake prevents the car from rolling. Even on level ground, it’s a good practice to engage the parking brake to reduce stress on the vehicle’s transmission and prevent potential movement. In manual transmission vehicles, it’s common to use the parking brake every time you park to complement the vehicle being left in gear. Additionally, if you suspect issues or failures with the main braking system, the parking brake can act as an emergency backup to bring the vehicle to a halt. The e-brake can also be used for drifting, but that’s another story. Lastly, in areas prone to natural disasters like earthquakes, using a parking brake can prevent unintended vehicle movement during seismic events.

Why Yours Doesn’t Work

If you’ve ever used your parking brake, there’s a chance you may have also unknowingly started to drive your car while it was still on. Even though most cars have a dashboard warning light designed to prevent just this situation, sometimes we overlook this and begin driving with it on anyway. That begs the question: why can I still move my car with the emergency brake on? Isn’t that the whole point of having it? The ability to accelerate a car even when the parking brake is engaged arises from the inherent differences in the design and strength of the primary braking system compared to the parking brake. The main braking system of a car is robust, designed to decelerate the vehicle from high speeds and bring it to a stop efficiently. On the other hand, the parking brake is primarily crafted to keep the vehicle stationary once it’s already stopped. If the parking brake is not fully applied or is only partially engaged, its holding force might not be substantial enough to counteract the power generated by an accelerating engine. Additionally, some parking brakes only act on the rear wheels, allowing the car’s engine to overcome this resistance, especially in powerful vehicles. Over time, wear and reduced effectiveness of the parking brake components can also play a role in this ability to move despite the brake being engaged.

The Future of Parking Brakes: Electronic and Beyond

As we cruise into an era dominated by electronics, even the humble parking brake isn’t spared from innovation. EPBs, which replace traditional mechanical systems with electronic ones, are becoming increasingly popular. They’re more efficient, space-saving, and can integrate seamlessly with other vehicle systems. 

Furthermore, as autonomous driving technologies advance, parking brakes will likely undergo further refinements. Imagine a future where your vehicle, after safely ferrying you to your destination using advanced AI, engages its parking brake, not through a cable or electronic switch, but through a software command processed by its central computer.

Maintenance and Safety

Maintaining your parking brake is essential. Just like any other component of your vehicle, the parking brake can wear down over time. Regular usage, combined with environmental factors, can cause the cables to stretch or corrode and the brake shoes or pads to wear down. If not inspected and adjusted periodically, it might not function effectively when needed. It’s also possible for the mechanism to seize if not used regularly. For safety and optimal performance, it’s advisable to have your parking brake checked during routine vehicle inspections or service appointments. Ensuring its proper operation will not only enhance your safety, but also prolong the life of the brake components.

If your parking brake is no longer working or its efficiency has decreased, there are several signs you might notice. When you engage the parking brake, you may find the lever or pedal moves more freely than usual, indicating the cables might have stretched or there’s a lack of tension in the system. Conversely, if the lever or pedal is hard to move or sticks, it could mean the mechanism is seized or there’s corrosion in the system. When parked on an incline with the parking brake engaged, if your vehicle moves or rolls, that’s a clear indication it’s not holding as it should. Additionally, unusual noises, like clicking or grinding, when engaging or releasing the parking brake can also hint at issues. Lastly, during regular maintenance or inspections, mechanics might identify excessive wear on the parking brake components, suggesting it’s time for repairs or adjustments.

Still have questions? We get it. YouTube is full of helpful videos that demonstrate some of these ideas, including this popular overview from @SpeedKar99.

The parking brake, an often-overlooked component, plays a critical role in both the safety and functionality of a vehicle. From its mechanical origins to its electronic future, it remains a testament to the automotive industry’s drive (pun intended) to evolve while ensuring safety. As vehicles become smarter and more integrated, the parking brake will undoubtedly adapt, showcasing the blend of history and innovation that defines the world of automobiles.

The Humble Beginnings: Braking in the Era of Horse Power

Brakes on horse-drawn vehicles were primarily designed to prevent the carriage or wagon from moving when stationary or to control its speed when moving downhill, especially to ensure it didn’t roll into the horses. These brakes usually consisted of a simple mechanical system: a lever that the driver could operate to press wooden blocks or metal shoes against the iron-rimmed wooden wheels, creating friction to slow down or stop the vehicle.

When automobiles began emerging, the foundational concept of using friction to halt movement was carried over. However, the speeds and dynamics involved with motorized vehicles demanded a more sophisticated and efficient system than the rudimentary brakes of horse-drawn carriages.

Many early automobiles adopted a band brake system, which was somewhat reminiscent of the block-on-wheel method but more advanced. In this setup, a band lined with friction material would constrict around a drum when the brake was applied, slowing the wheel’s rotation. This approach was eventually improved upon with the introduction of drum brakes, where brake shoes pushed outward against the inside of a rotating drum.

In essence, while the basic principle of using friction to slow or stop movement was borrowed from horse-drawn vehicles, the specifics of automotive braking systems had to evolve rapidly to meet the demands of modern transportation. The legacy of those early braking concepts is seen in the continued use of mechanical leverage and friction materials, even in today’s highly advanced vehicular brake systems.

The Dawn of Motor Power: Mechanical Brakes Take the Wheel

One of the earliest forms of automobile brakes was the external contracting band brake. This system involved a band that would wrap around a drum on the wheel when the brake was engaged. The tightening of this band around the drum would create the necessary friction to slow or stop the vehicle.

As automobiles evolved and speeds increased, there was a pressing need for more effective brakes. This led to the development of the internal expanding drum brake. In this design, brake shoes fitted with friction material would push outward against the inner surface of a drum attached to the wheel, slowing its rotation. The mechanism was usually activated using rods and levers, with the force being applied manually by the driver.

Internal expanding drum brakes began to gain traction and become a standard feature on automobiles during the early 20th century. While the exact timing varied by manufacturer and region, a significant turning point was in the 1920s.

The advantage of internal expanding drum brakes over the earlier external contracting band brakes was evident in their superior stopping power and efficiency. They consisted of brake shoes that expanded outward to press against the inner surface of a drum, creating friction to slow down or stop the wheel. This design was not only more effective but also better protected from external elements like dirt and water, which could impair braking performance.

Braking Under Pressure: Hydraulics Enter the Scene

The roaring twenties weren’t just about jazz and flapper dresses. Behind the automotive curtains, innovation thrived. Malcolm Loughead, whose name later evolved to Lockheed and whose brother founded the company that we know today as Lockheed Martin, in a fitting parallel to the brake’s evolution, introduced the world to hydraulic brakes. By channeling brake fluid to transfer force from the pedal to the brake shoes, the hydraulic system self-adjusted, ensuring more consistent wear and robust stopping. It wasn’t just an upgrade—it was a revolution.

One notable milestone was in 1924 when four-wheel hydraulic actuated internal expanding drum brakes were introduced by the Chrysler Corporation on their Chrysler Four model. This combined the efficiency of the internal expanding design with the consistency and force multiplication of a hydraulic system, marking a significant advancement in braking technology. By the 1930s, most major automobile manufacturers had incorporated hydraulic braking systems into their vehicles, solidifying their position as a standard feature in automotive design.

Trading Drums for Discs: The Ascendancy of the Disc Brake

Disc brakes began their journey into mainstream automotive use in the 1950s and 1960s. While they had been experimented with earlier in the 20th century and even saw some use in racing and high-performance cars, it wasn’t until this period that their advantages over drum brakes in regular passenger cars became widely recognized. Factors like better heat dissipation, consistent performance in wet conditions, and ease of maintenance gave disc brakes a clear edge. 

Disc brakes in cars operate using the fundamental principle of friction to convert kinetic energy into heat, thus slowing or stopping a moving vehicle. At the heart of the disc brake system is the brake disc, often made of cast iron or composite materials, which rotates with the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic fluid pressurizes brake calipers that house brake pads. These pads are then squeezed against the rotating brake disc, and the friction generated between the pads and disc slows down the wheel and, by extension, the car.

The primary differences between disc and drum brakes stem from their design and performance characteristics. Disc brakes generally provide better heat dissipation, which means they are less prone to “brake fade” (a reduction in stopping power) under heavy use, such as repeated hard stops or downhill driving. Their open design also means they perform more consistently in wet conditions, as water can be easily shed from the rotor. 

By the 1970s, many new cars, especially in the United States and Europe, came equipped with disc brakes on the front wheels, given the front brakes do the majority of the work during stopping. As technology and manufacturing processes improved, the 1980s and 1990s saw an increasing number of vehicles adopting disc brakes for all four wheels. By the turn of the 21st century, disc brakes had essentially become the standard for most passenger vehicles, especially in front-wheel configurations, with drum brakes becoming more of the exception, often reserved for rear wheels in certain economy cars or older models.

Of Power and Precision: Braking Enters the Electronic Age

As cars sped into the latter half of the 20th century, the complexity of ensuring a safe stop grew. Power brakes, harnessing engine vacuum, amplified the force drivers applied, making stopping more intuitive and less of a calf workout.

Then, in a feat of engineering that echoed mankind’s moon landing, Anti-lock Brake Systems (ABS) graced the automotive stage. ABS represents a pivotal advancement in vehicular safety, providing enhanced control to drivers during braking events, particularly under slippery or abrupt stopping scenarios. Unlike traditional braking systems, where a hard press on the brake can lock up the wheels, ABS prevents wheel lock-up by modulating brake pressure in response to detected wheel slip. Using wheel speed sensors, ABS rapidly pumps the brakes (many times per second), which assists in maintaining steering control during an emergency stop or when braking on a slippery surface. 

The invention and implementation of ABS were significant for several reasons. The system directly addressed road safety by mitigating the risks of skidding and loss of control during hard braking. Drivers found they could maintain steering control during an emergency braking event, enhancing their ability to avoid obstacles while braking and reducing stopping distances on slippery surfaces. In the context of automotive safety evolution, ABS has played a quintessential role, enabling the development of further advancements such as electronic stability control and brake assist systems, and has now become a standard feature in most vehicles, substantiating its crucial role in ensuring safer driving experiences. Originally a luxury, the undeniable safety benefits soon made ABS as ubiquitous as radios in cars.

Digital Mastery: EBD and Brake-by-Wire Redefine the Future

As the 21st century dawned, brakes took a digital leap. Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) arrived with promises (and deliveries) of optimally distributing force between wheels, based on dynamic factors like load and speed. This was no longer just braking—this was art.

Check out this video comparing a vehicle with and without EBD.

Brake-by-wire, a concept that sounds like science fiction, also made its debut. Here, the traditional mechanical linkage between pedal and brake vanished. Instead, electronic impulses transmitted drivers’ intentions, offering razor-sharp responsiveness and paving the way for an autonomous driving future.

When a driver presses the brake pedal in a brake by wire system, instead of applying hydraulic pressure directly to the brakes, a sensor measures the pedal force and travel, then sends this data to an electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU processes the information and determines the required braking force for each wheel. Then, actuators at each wheel apply the necessary force to the brakes.

With this next revolution in braking at hand, drivers can look forward to the standardization and eventual ubiquity of brake by wire systems in consumer cars.

Towards Tomorrow: The Confluence of Green and Machine

Today, as our roads echo with the silent hum of electric vehicles (EVs), braking has adopted a dual role. Regenerative braking, a staple in EVs, harnesses the kinetic energy usually lost during braking, feeding it back to replenish the battery. It’s efficiency and sustainability, seamlessly integrated.

With autonomous vehicles no longer a distant dream, brakes are becoming a nexus of data collection and machine learning. They’re not just about stopping anymore—they’re about anticipation, adaptability, and precision.

From the horse-drawn carriages of Dickensian streets to the autonomous marvels on Silicon Valley highways, the brake’s journey mirrors our relentless quest for progress, safety, and perfection. It serves as a testament to human ingenuity and our ability to evolve with the times. As we barrel toward an automotive future of unknowns, one thing remains certain: brakes, in whatever new form they adopt, will be there to ensure we can always safely stop to appreciate the journey.

The Basics

Starting with the basics, overlanding is not your everyday road trip or weekend camping jaunt. It’s about immersing oneself in a journey, prioritizing the voyage over the destination. Unlike off-roading, where the thrill lies in challenging terrains, overlanding emphasizes self-sufficiency, exploration, and personal growth.

As a novice, you don’t need a state-of-the-art vehicle or a whole lot of specialized gear immediately. For many people, the car you already own is capable enough to begin, but if you are considering a vehicle purchase, models like the Toyota Land Cruiser, Jeep Wrangler, and a number of American 4×4 trucks are perennial favorites among overlanders. The key is understanding its capabilities and limits. Invest time in researching your vehicle’s strengths, weaknesses, and upgrade paths. Speak with mechanics who are familiar with your car model, and even consider joining online forums or communities dedicated to overlanding. Even if you have a car that isn’t necessarily built for varied terrain, chances are there is a more approachable overlanding adventure out there which you could embark on. It’s all about knowing what your vehicle can handle and what routes will be manageable for you.

Education is your foremost ally. Attend workshops or classes on vehicle recovery, basic mechanics, and navigation. Knowledge of these fundamental skills will not only enhance safety but will also bolster your confidence when far from civilization. Books, videos, and online tutorials are excellent resources, but hands-on practice under the guidance of an experienced mentor is invaluable.

When plotting your first expedition, start modestly. Opt for destinations closer to home or well-traveled routes where help is accessible. This initial experience will allow you to understand the dynamics of overlanding, from setting up camp and navigating trails to managing resources like water and fuel. As you gain experience, your expeditions can gradually become more remote and challenging.

But remember, overlanding isn’t a solitary endeavor. It thrives on community. Connect with local overlanding groups or clubs. They often organize group trips, allowing beginners to learn the ropes while fostering camaraderie. These seasoned travelers can offer insights, share their experiences, and even lend a helping hand when the terrain gets tough.

Lastly, embrace the essence of the journey. Overlanding is as much an inward quest as it is an external adventure. It’s about embracing unpredictability, cherishing the serendipitous moments, and evolving with each mile. As you traverse rugged terrains and sleep under starlit skies, you’ll discover not just the vastness of the world around you, but also the depths of the world within.

Embarking on the path of overlanding is choosing a life less ordinary. So, as you steer toward the horizon, remember that every sunset, every challenge, and every new trail is an integral chapter in your ever-unfolding story of adventure.

Vehicle Choice

When venturing into the realm of overlanding, the kind of vehicle you need largely depends on your specific goals, destinations, and comfort requirements. At its essence, overlanding is about exploration and self-reliance, and while certain vehicles are more commonly associated with this pursuit due to their durability and off-road capabilities, many enthusiasts begin their journeys with whatever they have on hand. Again, you can almost certainly find an overlanding adventure that will be suitable for the car you currently drive, but that said certain kinds of cars come stock with features that lend themselves to this kind of adventure.

Traditional sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and trucks with four-wheel-drive (4WD) or all-wheel-drive (AWD) systems are popular choices in the overlanding community. These vehicles typically offer robust ground clearance, making it easier to traverse rugged terrains and obstacles. Their build also allows for modifications and attachments, such as roof-top tents, storage solutions, and additional protective gear, making them more adaptable for extended trips in the wilderness. 

However, it’s worth noting that not all overlanding requires the most rugged of vehicles. For those whose adventures are on milder terrains or involve well-maintained dirt roads, even a regular sedan or van can suffice. Many van-lifers have converted their vehicles into cozy, mobile abodes and have traveled vast distances overlanding on paths less treacherous.

Regardless of the specific model or type, the essential aspect of an overlanding vehicle is its reliability. You’ll want a vehicle that you can trust in remote areas, away from easy access to mechanics or repair shops. Regular maintenance, a thorough understanding of your vehicle’s capabilities and limitations, and some basic mechanical knowledge will be crucial.

In essence, while certain vehicles might be better suited for specific terrains or offer more luxurious amenities, overlanding is about the spirit of exploration. It’s entirely possible, and often enlightening, to start with what you have, gradually making upgrades or changes as you delve deeper into the overlanding world and discover what you truly need for your adventures.

Modifications

One of the most economical ways to make your current ride into an overland adventure machine is by making modifications and upgrades to it. With the right adjustments it’s possible to set your daily driver up for handling more extreme road conditions, not to mention creating a place to sleep at night and storage for the gear you’ll be bringing along with you. Diving into the world of overlanding often means tailoring your vehicle to better navigate diverse terrains and optimize self-reliance. One of the most fundamental modifications many consider is enhancing the vehicle’s ground clearance. By upgrading to a suspension lift, you give your car the height needed to traverse rocky and uneven paths. Paired with this, selecting robust all-terrain or mud-terrain tires can offer better traction and durability, essential for off-road environments.

Protection is another facet of overlanding modifications. As you journey through dense brush or rocky trails, skid plates can be added to protect the underbelly of your vehicle, especially vital components like the oil pan or transmission. Bull bars or brush guards at the front can shield the vehicle from potential impact and also provide mounting points for additional gear.

Lighting plays a pivotal role when traveling through less inhabited or unlit areas. Auxiliary lights, be they floodlights, spotlights, or light bars, can illuminate the path ahead, ensuring safer night-time travel. Given that overlanding involves extended stays in remote locations, it’s wise to think of power and storage. Dual battery systems can be installed to ensure you have a backup power source, while roof racks or cargo solutions can house essential gear, from tents to jerry cans for extra fuel.

Inside the vehicle, a comprehensive communication and navigation system can be a lifeline. Consider installing a CB radio or satellite communicator, especially for regions with sparse cell service. Paired with this, a reliable GPS system specifically tailored for off-roading can guide you through unfamiliar terrains.

Comfort shouldn’t be an afterthought, either. Seat covers designed for durability can protect your vehicle’s interior, while storage solutions like drawer systems or cargo barriers can help organize gear and supplies efficiently. Additionally, for those who prefer not to camp on the ground, roof-top tents can be mounted to provide elevated sleeping quarters.

Lastly, the need for self-recovery in isolated terrains cannot be overstressed. A winch, mounted to the vehicle, can be invaluable if you find yourself stuck, while recovery boards can assist in gaining traction in sandy or muddy conditions.

In essence, the extent of modifications depends on your intended destinations, the challenges anticipated, and personal preferences. It’s always prudent to prioritize safety and reliability over aesthetic modifications, ensuring your vehicle is not just equipped for the journey but also for any unforeseen situations.

In the end, creating an overland rig and heading out for an adventure starts with your desire to do so. It’s possible to embark on your first overland journey with just the car you have now, a few basic supplies, and a hammock or a sleeping bag. However, this is definitely an area where investment can pay off. Purchasing a vehicle built for varied terrain, especially one with four-wheel or all-wheel drive, will increase the range of locations you can take on. Having additional space will increase your level of comfort, and there are many modifications you can make which will broaden your horizons, literally, when it comes to overlanding. It might be best to look at getting started like you would going for a swim for the first time: start by dipping your toes in, then gradually wade forward as comfort (and the budget to upgrade) allows.

Picture this: you’ve just woken up and opened your eyes. It’s a cold morning and out the window you can see snow-capped mountains all around you as well as a picturesque stand of pine trees lining the valley below you. You can’t see any man-made structures in sight. You could only ever have gotten this morning view camping, but you didn’t have to abandon the creature comforts of a decent night’s sleep, a heating and lighting system, or the hot coffee that your partner just finished brewing, because you’re on an overland adventure and you’re enjoying the comfort of your rooftop tent.

When installing a rooftop tent on your vehicle, several safety concerns should be meticulously evaluated to ensure a secure and hazard-free setup. Foremost, it’s crucial to ascertain whether your vehicle is robust enough to handle the total weight of the tent along with its contents, as overburdening the roof can compromise the structural integrity and overall safety of the vehicle. Additionally, a rooftop tent inherently raises the vehicle’s center of gravity, making it more susceptible to rolling over, especially when navigating off-road trails or making sharp turns. This risk is further amplified in vehicles with a naturally higher center of gravity such as SUVs and trucks. Careful consideration of these factors, along with adherence to manufacturer guidelines and weight limits, is paramount to maintain stability and safety while utilizing a rooftop tent.

Rooftop tents have revolutionized overland adventuring, offering a blend of convenience and elevated camping luxury. These tents mount directly onto the roof rack of a vehicle, providing a secure and elevated sleeping area, which can be particularly beneficial in areas inhabited by wildlife. The elevation offers an enhanced sense of security and seclusion, positioning campers away from ground insects and predators.

Check out these Rooftop Campaign Tent Reviews for 2023 by @Top10Zone

When it comes to operation, rooftop tents are designed to be user-friendly. They usually come with a sturdy set of retractable ladders, used for both setting up the tent and accessing it. The process of setting it up is relatively straightforward, usually just unfolding and securing a few attachments. This simplicity can be a significant asset when dealing with unpredictable weather conditions or when arriving late at a campsite.

In terms of technological innovations, modern rooftop tents exhibit a multitude of advanced features aimed at enhancing comfort and usability. Many are crafted using durable, weather-resistant materials to safeguard against adverse conditions, ensuring a dry and secure shelter. Ventilation has also been a focus, with designs incorporating mesh panels to maintain airflow, reducing condensation and enhancing the overall sleep environment.

Moreover, a variety of rooftop tents now come with enhanced mattress designs, focusing on providing a comfortable and restful sleep. Luxurious options include thicker, more supportive mattresses, often made with memory foam. Integrated storage solutions such as pockets or compartments for shoes and personal items are also common, adding to the tent’s functionality.

Usability has also been augmented through design improvements that have simplified the setup and takedown processes. Hydraulic and gas-assisted opening systems have been introduced, making the process almost effortless. Some tents even feature solar panels, LED lighting, and USB ports, extending the comforts of home to the outdoor environment.

In essence, rooftop tents embody a merger of convenience and comfort, with technological enhancements continually elevating the camping experience. The elevated position, quick setup, and enhanced features all come together to provide a more seamless and enjoyable overland adventuring experience.

If you’re sold on the idea of a rooftop tent adventure, take a look at the gallery we’ve put together of real world roof tents to get a sense of what kinds of adventures having one could enable. If you start feeling the urge to splurge, these posts also list the brand of tent so you can track one down before you head out on your next adventure.

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What is Drifting?

Drifting in cars is a driving technique where the driver intentionally oversteers, causing loss of traction in the rear wheels, while maintaining control from entry to exit of a corner. The act of drifting involves a delicate balance of throttle, braking, and steering inputs that manipulate the car’s weight distribution and grip levels.

When a driver wants to initiate a drift, they provoke the car to lose traction at the rear wheels. This can be done in several ways, such as suddenly releasing the throttle (to shift weight to the front wheels), applying the emergency brake, or rapidly turning the steering wheel. Losing rear-wheel traction causes oversteering, and the car begins to slide sideways.

Controlling a drift is where driver skill prominently comes into play. The driver modulates the throttle and steers the car to maintain the desired drift angle and line through the corner. Essentially, the driver is continuously balancing the car on the edge of traction and slip, managing the car’s weight transfer, and manipulating the tires’ contact patches with the road.

From a physics standpoint, drifting is a play between centripetal force, friction, and the momentum of the car. When a car is driven through a corner without drifting, the tires develop a centripetal force that allows the car to follow a curved path. In drifting, the driver purposely exceeds the limit of tire grip, causing the tires to slip and lose their ability to generate enough centripetal force to maintain the original path. However, by controlling the drift’s angle and direction, the driver can utilize the remaining tire grip and the car’s momentum to navigate through the corner, even while sliding.

The kinetic friction between the tires and the road surface becomes lower than the static friction in a typical cornering maneuver. This reduction in friction allows the car to slide.

E-Brake Drifting

The emergency brake, often referred to as the e-brake or handbrake, is a tool that drifters use to help initiate a drift. When a drifter pulls the emergency brake, it locks up the rear wheels. Doing this momentarily reduces the grip of the rear tires on the road surface, encouraging the car to enter a state of oversteer, which is necessary to initiate a drift. Once the rear wheels lose traction, and the car starts sliding sideways, the drifter releases the e-brake, applies throttle, and uses precise steering inputs to maintain and control the drift through the remainder of the turn.

The e-brake technique is commonly used because it allows the driver to initiate a drift without relying heavily on high speeds or aggressive steering maneuvers. It offers an additional element of control, enabling the driver to manage the car’s weight transfer and balance during the initiation of the drift carefully. By using the emergency brake to start the drift, a driver can create the necessary car dynamics for drifting while maintaining a level of precision and safety.

How Does Drifting Affect My E-Brake?

Using the emergency brake (e-brake) for drifting does cause more wear and tear compared to normal usage. Constantly engaging and disengaging the e-brake during drifting puts significant stress on the brake’s components such as the cables, levers, and the brake pads or shoes themselves. Consequently, someone who frequently uses the e-brake for drifting might find themselves replacing or adjusting these components more often to maintain the brake’s effectiveness.

In the realm of professional or serious amateur drifting, it’s common to see cars equipped with a hydraulic handbrake, also known as a “hydro-e-brake.” This type of brake is more purpose-built for drifting. A hydraulic handbrake can work directly with the car’s hydraulic brake system, allowing for a more forceful and immediate brake application compared to the traditional cable-operated mechanical e-brake. This gives the driver more precise control over the braking force applied to the rear wheels, which is essential for initiating and controlling drifts.

The hydraulic handbrake lever is often installed in the car’s cabin within easy reach of the driver, allowing for quick and efficient use during drifting maneuvers. The use of a hydraulic handbrake not only offers better performance and control but also tends to be more durable and resilient under the harsh conditions of drifting, requiring less frequent maintenance or replacement compared to using a standard emergency brake for the same purpose.

Methods for Drifting

Drifting involves various techniques to initiate a controlled slide or oversteer. As we’ve discussed, the E-Brake method is a common one, but there are lots of others. Each method has its unique approach and is suitable for different situations or driver preferences. Here are some commonly used drifting techniques:

Power Sliding or Power Over

Description: This technique is predominantly dependent on the throttle. In a rear-wheel-drive car, aggressively applying the throttle can break the rear tires’ traction, causing the car to slide.

Difference: It relies primarily on engine power and is common in powerful, high-torque vehicles. It’s simpler but requires a car with sufficient power.

Clutch Kicking

Description: The driver depresses the clutch pedal, revs the engine, and then suddenly releases the clutch to send a shock through the drivetrain, causing the rear wheels to slip.

Difference: This abrupt transfer of power helps in breaking traction and doesn’t necessarily require a powerful engine.

Handbrake/E-brake Pull

Description: Pulling the handbrake locks the rear wheels, causing them to lose grip, helping initiate a slide.

Difference: It provides a direct method of initiating a drift, suitable for tight corners and lower-speed maneuvers, and offers excellent control.

Feinting/Scandinavian Flick

Description: This technique involves quickly steering away from a turn and then steering into it. This movement shifts the car’s weight, promoting oversteer.

Difference: It’s a weight transfer technique requiring good timing and vehicle control, often used in high-speed situations.

Braking

Description: By applying the brake while entering a corner, the driver can shift the car’s weight forward, inducing oversteer at the rear.

Difference: It’s subtle and suitable for initiating drifts at higher speeds, requiring a good understanding of weight transfer.

Shift Locking

Description: This method involves downshifting and releasing the clutch abruptly, causing a sudden reduction in rear wheel speed, promoting loss of traction.

Difference: It’s a way to initiate a drift without relying too much on the engine’s power, suitable for various speeds.

Dirt Drop Drifting

Description: Dropping the rear tires off the road onto a lower grip surface like dirt can help break traction and initiate a drift.

Difference: It’s specific to situations where the edge of the track or road allows for it, adding variability based on different surfaces.

Each drifting method requires a nuanced understanding of car control and suits different cars, corners, and driving styles. The choice depends on the driver’s skill, the nature of the turn, and the characteristics of the vehicle being driven.

History of Drifting

Drift racing, or drifting, has its roots in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s. It was initially not a formal racing event but rather a driving style used by racers participating in traditional circuit racing and mountain racing (Touge). Kunimitsu Takahashi, a renowned motorcycle racer who transitioned to cars, is credited as one of the pioneers of drifting. Takahashi’s aggressive driving style, marked by sliding his car through corners, was not just visually spectacular, but also effective in maintaining high speeds through turns.

Over time, this driving style started gaining popularity and a dedicated following. Street racers, especially in rural areas with winding mountain roads, began to emulate and refine these techniques, pushing the limits of car control and precision.

The man credited with popularizing drifting as a sport is Keiichi Tsuchiya, known as the “Drift King.” Inspired by Takahashi and with extensive experience in street racing, Tsuchiya honed his drifting skills and became incredibly influential in the car racing world. In the mid-1980s, alongside Option magazine founder and motorsport journalist Daijiro Inada, Tsuchiya produced a video showcasing his drifting skills. This video became wildly popular and played a crucial role in promoting drifting as a standalone motorsport.

Tsuchiya is featured during this training scene in F+F Tokyo Drift.

Following the surge in interest, events and competitions dedicated to drifting began to emerge. One of the significant milestones was the establishment of the D1 Grand Prix, the first professional drifting series, in 2000. The D1 Grand Prix helped formalize drifting, introducing regulations, judging criteria, and a structured format. Formula Drift, launched in 2003, also helped push this format into the mainstream.

Drifting’s appeal lies in its emphasis on car control, style, and showmanship, making it not just a race but a spectator sport with a strong fan following. Its popularity extended beyond Japan, spreading globally, with numerous drifting competitions and events now held worldwide, each attracting a wide array of participants and audiences.

Check out Formula DRIFT Atlanta’s Highlight Reels

The integration of drifting into popular media, such as movies and video games (notably, “The Fast and the Furious” franchise), also played a significant role in its international appeal and recognition as a legitimate and unique motorsport.

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How Brakes Work

Modern brakes in cars, predominantly disc brakes, operate through a hydraulic system that multiplies the force applied by the driver on the brake pedal, allowing the vehicle to slow down or come to a stop with ease. When the brake pedal is pressed, brake fluid is pushed through hydraulic lines, transferring force to the brake calipers. The brake calipers then clamp the brake pads onto the rotors, creating friction, which slows down the wheel’s rotation. Many cars today are also equipped with an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), which prevents wheel lock-up by automatically modulating brake pressure during an emergency stop, allowing the driver to maintain steering control. The incorporation of electronic systems like ABS has significantly enhanced the effectiveness and safety of modern braking systems, adapting them to various driving conditions and scenarios.

Brake Pads and Rotors

When brake pads and rotors are worn down, various signs and symptoms indicate that they may need replacement. One common sign is a squealing or screeching noise when applying the brakes, caused by the wear indicator on the brake pads. A grinding metal-on-metal sound indicates that the brake pads are severely worn and might be damaging the rotors. Vibration or pulsation during braking, especially during high-speed braking, can signal warped rotors. Reduced brake performance, longer stopping distances, and the car pulling to one side when braking are also indicative signs.

In terms of replacing worn-out brake pads or rotors, the process involves several steps and requires tools, mechanical knowledge, and expertise. Initially, the car is safely raised, and the wheels are removed to access the brake components. For brake pads, the caliper is removed, and the old pads are taken out. The new brake pads are then installed, and the caliper is repositioned. It might require compressing the caliper piston to fit the new, thicker pads.

Replacing rotors involves an additional step. After removing the caliper and brake pads, the rotor is removed from the wheel hub. Sometimes, rotors might be stuck due to rust or debris, requiring additional effort or tools to remove. Once off, the new rotor is mounted on the hub, and the brake pads and calipers are reinstalled.

It’s essential to ensure that all components are reassembled correctly, and that the brake fluid level is checked and adjusted as necessary. After completing the replacement, a preliminary check by applying brakes ensures that everything is working correctly before driving. Finally, a gentle road test ensures that the brakes are functioning correctly and the car is safe to drive.

Brake Fluid

Checking and adding brake fluid is a straightforward process, but it requires careful attention to detail. First, you need to locate the brake fluid reservoir in the engine bay, usually near the driver’s side. The reservoir is typically made of translucent plastic, allowing you to see the fluid level without opening the cap. The fluid level should be between the “MIN” and “MAX” marks on the reservoir.

Before opening the reservoir, ensure that the surrounding area is clean to prevent any contaminants from entering the braking system. If you need to add brake fluid, first find the right type of brake fluid for your vehicle; this information can usually be found in your vehicle’s owner’s manual. It’s crucial to use the correct type of brake fluid because using the wrong fluid can cause significant damage to the braking system. It’s essential to ensure that all components are re-assembled correctly and that the brake fluid level is checked and adjusted as necessary.

When buying brake fluid, look for sealed containers, and make sure it meets the specifications mentioned in your vehicle’s manual. Brake fluid absorbs moisture over time, which can lower its boiling point and affect braking efficiency. Therefore, it’s advisable not to use old or previously opened brake fluid containers.

To add brake fluid, open the reservoir cap, and pour the brake fluid carefully up to the “MAX” line. Avoid overfilling and ensure that the fluid doesn’t spill on any parts of the car, as it is highly corrosive. After filling, securely replace the reservoir cap.

Remember that brake fluid should not run low frequently. If you find the brake fluid level consistently low, it might indicate a leak or another issue in the brake system that should be inspected by a professional.

Regular Maintenance

Brake maintenance is a crucial aspect of vehicle upkeep that ensures the safety and functionality of your car’s braking system. Drivers should know that regular brake maintenance entails inspecting and, if necessary, replacing components like brake pads, rotors, and brake fluid. The brake pads and rotors are checked for wear, while the brake fluid is examined for proper levels and quality. Additionally, the brake lines and hoses are inspected for any signs of leakage or deterioration.

Regular brake maintenance can be performed at home if you have a good understanding of car mechanics, the right tools, and a safe environment like a garage. Basic tasks such as checking the brake fluid level and inspecting the brake pads for wear are manageable DIY activities. However, tasks like replacing brake pads, rotors, or bleeding the brakes are more complicated and might be better suited for individuals with more advanced mechanical skills.

Regular brake maintenance can be performed at home if you have a good understanding of car mechanics, the right tools, and a safe environment like a garage.

For those who are not comfortable or experienced in auto mechanics, it might be best to have brake maintenance performed by professionals. Professional mechanics have the expertise and equipment necessary to accurately assess and effectively repair or maintain the braking system. They can also diagnose and address more complex issues that might not be evident to an untrained individual.

Having brake maintenance done by professionals might also be beneficial in terms of warranty and accountability. Ultimately, whether you choose DIY maintenance or professional services, the priority should be to ensure that the brake system operates effectively and safely at all times.

Emergency Braking

Emergency braking is a critical skill that all drivers need to master for their safety and the safety of others on the road. Drivers should be knowledgeable about whether their car is equipped with an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), as the technique used during emergency braking depends on this feature. 

For vehicles equipped with ABS, drivers should apply firm and continuous pressure on the brake pedal during an emergency. The ABS prevents the wheels from locking up, allowing the driver to maintain steering control, preventing skidding. Drivers might feel a pulsating sensation through the pedal, which is normal and indicates that the ABS is functioning.

In vehicles without ABS, the technique is different. Drivers should use threshold braking, which involves applying the brakes up to the point where the wheels are almost about to lock up and maintaining this level of pressure. Pumping the brakes can also be effective, which means applying and releasing brake pressure repeatedly.

Regardless of the braking system, it’s crucial to look and steer in the direction you want the car to go during an emergency brake. Moreover, drivers should avoid slamming on the brakes, which can cause the wheels to lock up, leading to a loss of steering control.

Practicing emergency braking in a safe, open space like an empty parking lot can help drivers become more confident and effective in applying the brakes during real-life emergencies. Knowing how to use the braking system correctly increases the chances of avoiding a collision or reducing the impact speed if a crash is unavoidable.

Brake Warning Lights

Brake lights on a car’s dashboard play a crucial role in signaling potential issues with the vehicle’s braking system. These warning lights, usually red or yellow, may illuminate for several reasons, such as the engagement of the parking brake, low brake fluid levels, worn brake pads, or a malfunction within the braking system, like issues with the ABS (Anti-lock Braking System).

When these lights illuminate, immediate action is necessary to ensure the vehicle’s safety. Initially, you should safely pull over to a secure location and attempt to identify the issue. It could be as simple as disengaging the parking brake. If the parking brake is not engaged, it might be indicative of more serious issues, such as low brake fluid or a malfunction in the brake system. In cases where the cause is not immediately identifiable or resolvable, the safest course of action is to seek professional assistance. Driving with a lit brake warning light is not advisable, as it could lead to brake failure and increase the risk of an accident. Therefore, it’s essential to address the illuminated brake light promptly by consulting a professional mechanic who can accurately diagnose and rectify the issue.

Brake Responsiveness

Having a thorough understanding and awareness of these aspects will enable drivers to ensure that their brakes are always in optimal condition, enhancing road safety.

Brake responsiveness refers to the brake system’s ability to promptly and effectively respond when the brake pedal is pressed. Drivers should be aware of how their brakes usually feel and be attentive to any changes in their responsiveness. A responsive brake will bring the car to a stop in a controlled manner, corresponding to the amount of pressure applied to the brake pedal.

Changes in brake responsiveness can be indicative of various issues within the brake system. For example, if the brake pedal feels soft or goes down too easily when pressed, it could signal a problem such as air in the brake lines, worn brake pads, or a brake fluid leak. On the other hand, if the brake pedal feels hard or requires excessive force to depress, it might indicate a vacuum problem, such as issues with the brake booster.

Vibration or pulsation in the brake pedal when pressed can point towards warped rotors or issues with the brake pads. If the car pulls to one side when braking, it could mean that the brakes are not evenly applied, possibly due to uneven wear, a stuck caliper, or a collapsed brake hose.

Noticing and addressing changes in brake responsiveness promptly is crucial for safety. Ignoring such changes could lead to reduced braking efficiency, longer stopping distances, and an increased risk of accidents. Drivers noticing any irregularities should seek professional help immediately to diagnose and rectify the problem, ensuring the brake system operates correctly and safely.

In the world of top-end performance, every decision made about a specific car matters. Particularly if the car is built for the purpose of racing, incremental adjustments that provide a performance edge can mean the difference between victory and defeat. That’s why supercars have ridiculously high price tags and the ones that are actually used for racing never drive a foot that they don’t have to.

But most of us don’t drive high-end racing cars. As much fun as it can be as enthusiasts to get the most performance out of our own vehicles(especially if that means we can fool around with them in the shop or treat ourselves with upgraded parts), how does performance come into play when we’re simply heading over to the grocery store or driving home for the holidays? The answer: quite a bit. Even if you don’t care at all about getting your car to accelerate quickly or reach a high top speed, performance still impacts just about every aspect of your driving experience. Here’s how performance is thought of in the case of high-end performance cars, and how those same factors like engine tuning, braking, and suspension apply to the experience of average drivers. 

ENGINE PERFORMANCE + TUNING

For a high-speed performance car, the emphasis on engine performance and tuning is primarily to extract the maximum power and responsiveness from the engine. Such cars typically have engines with higher displacement or utilize forced induction methods such as turbocharging or supercharging to increase power output.

Engine Performance and Tuning

High-Speed Performance Car

For a high-speed performance car, the emphasis on engine performance and tuning is primarily to extract the maximum power and responsiveness from the engine. Such cars typically have engines with higher displacement or utilize forced induction methods such as turbocharging or supercharging to increase power output.

Power and Torque:
In a performance car, tuning would be focused on maximizing horsepower and torque, ensuring that the car can attain high speeds and exhibit explosive acceleration. Every aspect of the engine, from the air intake to the exhaust, is tuned to optimize performance.

High-RPM Performance:
These cars are often tuned to perform optimally at higher RPMs where maximum power is generated. Modifications and tuning practices might aim at ensuring that the engine breathes better and revs freely to higher RPMs.

Cooling and Temperature:
Given that performance cars are likely to be driven aggressively, ensuring efficient cooling and optimal operating temperatures is crucial. Modifications might be made to enhance the cooling system and ensure that the engine performs consistently under high-stress conditions.

Fuel and Ignition Systems:
The fuel and ignition systems of performance cars are finely tuned to ensure precise fuel-air mixtures and optimal ignition timing. This precise tuning allows for the generation of maximum power with controlled emissions.

Average Driver’s Car

For the average driver’s car, engine performance and tuning needs are more oriented towards reliability, fuel efficiency, and smooth operation over a wide range of typical driving conditions.

Fuel Efficiency:
Tuning for everyday cars often focuses on improving fuel efficiency, ensuring that the car is economical to run for daily commutes and longer trips. Adjustments might be made to the engine’s control unit to optimize fuel consumption under various driving conditions.

Low-End Torque:
Unlike performance cars, the tuning of everyday vehicles might aim at improving low-end torque. This ensures that the car is responsive and easy to drive during city driving, where low-speed driving and frequent stop-and-go situations are common.

Reliability and Longevity:
Engine tuning also considers the long-term reliability and durability of the engine. Adjustments are made to ensure that the engine operates smoothly, reducing wear and tear and the likelihood of mechanical issues.

Emission Control:
For average drivers, adhering to emission regulations and ensuring that the car operates cleanly is crucial. Tuning practices would thus involve ensuring that the engine’s emission systems, such as the EGR and catalytic converters, function efficiently.

While the performance needs of a high-speed car are centered around maximizing power, speed, and high-RPM performance, the needs of an average driver’s car lean towards fuel efficiency, reliability, and practical performance for everyday driving conditions. Tuning practices in each case would be aligned with these distinct objectives, ensuring that each car is optimized for its intended use and driving environment.

TRANSMISSION

The transmission of a car plays a pivotal role in determining the car’s overall performance and driving experience. Here’s a comparison of transmission considerations between a high-speed performance car and an average car used for daily commuting.

Transmission

High-Speed Performance Car

In performance cars aimed at high-speed driving and racing, the transmission is a critical component that contributes to the car’s agility, responsiveness, and speed adaptation capabilities.

Shift Speed:
Performance cars often employ transmissions that allow for very rapid gear changes. Automated manual transmissions (AMTs), dual-clutch transmissions (DCTs), and sequential transmissions are common in performance cars, facilitating quick shifts that enhance acceleration and performance.

Gear Ratios:
The transmission in a high-speed car is likely to have gear ratios that optimize engine performance at high RPMs. This setup is more conducive to aggressive driving, providing better throttle response and acceleration at higher speeds.

Manual Control:
Performance cars often offer drivers the ability to manually control gear shifts, even in automatic transmissions. This feature gives the driver more direct control over the car’s performance, allowing for a more engaged and responsive driving experience.

Cooling:
High-speed driving can generate significant heat in the transmission. Performance cars often incorporate enhanced cooling systems for the transmission, ensuring consistent performance under high-stress driving conditions.

Average Driver’s Car

For an average car used primarily for commuting and everyday driving, the transmission is tuned more towards comfort, ease of use, and fuel efficiency.

Smooth Shifting:
Transmissions in everyday cars are often designed to provide smooth and seamless gear changes. Automatic transmissions and continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) are common in these cars, prioritizing ease of driving and comfort over rapid shift speeds.

Adaptability:
The transmission in an average car is usually more adaptable to various driving conditions, from stop-and-go traffic to highway cruising. It aims to offer a balance that ensures reasonable performance, fuel efficiency, and drivability in a wide range of scenarios.

Fuel Efficiency:
The transmission plays a significant role in the car’s fuel consumption. In cars used for daily commuting, the transmission might be tuned to operate efficiently at low to mid-range RPMs, enhancing fuel economy.

SUSPENSION + HANDLING

Suspension and handling are crucial aspects that influence a vehicle’s ride quality, stability, and maneuverability. Let’s delve into how these aspects are approached in high-speed performance cars versus the cars used by average drivers for daily commuting.

Suspension and Handling

High-Speed Performance Cars

For high-speed performance cars, the suspension and handling are meticulously tuned to maximize the car’s agility, responsiveness, and grip on the road, particularly at high speeds or when navigating tight corners.

Stiffness and Rigidity:
Performance cars typically feature a stiffer suspension setup, reducing body roll during cornering and enhancing the car’s responsiveness. This leads to a more connected and sporty feel but might compromise comfort.

Adjustability:
Performance-oriented suspensions might offer adjustability features, allowing for the customization of ride height, damping rates, and other parameters to suit different driving conditions or driver preferences.

Lower Ride Height:
These cars often have a lower ride height to reduce the center of gravity, improving handling and stability at high speeds and during aggressive maneuvering.

High-Performance Components:
Performance cars may utilize high-quality suspension components such as performance shocks, struts, and anti-roll bars, enhancing precision and control.

Average Driver’s Cars

In the context of everyday driving, the suspension and handling priorities lean more towards comfort, ease of driving, and adaptability to various road conditions.

Comfort:
The suspension in everyday cars is typically tuned for a smoother, more comfortable ride. It’s more forgiving over bumps, potholes, and uneven road surfaces, prioritizing passenger comfort.

Durability:
For daily commuting, the suspension should be durable and require minimal maintenance. It should withstand regular use over various road conditions without frequent adjustments or repairs.

Higher Ride Height:
Average cars often have a slightly higher ride height, providing better visibility and ease of entry and exit. This setup is also more adaptable to different road conditions, including curbs and uneven surfaces.

Simpler Adjustments:
The suspension systems in these cars tend to be simpler, with fewer adjustments required. This approach aligns with the needs of average drivers, who typically prefer a straightforward, hassle-free driving experience.

BRAKING SYSTEM

Braking systems are critical for vehicle safety and control. They are tailored differently based on the intended use and performance requirements of various vehicles. Let’s analyze the braking systems of high-speed performance cars against those of cars used by average drivers for regular commuting.

Braking System

High-Speed Performance Cars

For vehicles that are designed for high performance and speed, braking systems are vital components that are meticulously engineered to provide maximum stopping power, heat dissipation, and responsiveness.

Brake Size and Type:
Performance cars often come equipped with larger brake rotors and calipers. They might also use performance-oriented materials like carbon-ceramic. Such brakes are more effective at dissipating the intense heat generated during aggressive driving, thus reducing brake fade.

Brake Cooling:
In high-speed cars, enhanced cooling systems for the brakes are essential. Vents and ducts may be utilized to channel air to the brakes, helping to keep temperatures down during spirited driving sessions.

Pedal Feel and Responsiveness:
Performance vehicles tend to have brake pedals that are highly responsive and provide significant feedback to the driver. This sensitivity allows for precise brake modulation, which is essential for controlling the car at high speeds and during dynamic driving.

Electronic Assistance:
Performance cars might have advanced electronic braking aids like electronic brake-force distribution (EBD), brake assist, and performance-oriented anti-lock braking systems (ABS) that are tuned to complement the car’s dynamic characteristics.

Average Driver’s Cars

In the context of everyday commuting and practical usage, braking systems are configured primarily for reliability, ease of use, and longevity.

Brake Durability:
Brakes in everyday cars are designed to be durable and low-maintenance. They should perform consistently under typical driving conditions and have a reasonable lifespan.

Modulation and Ease of Use:
The brakes in these vehicles are often tuned to be progressive and easy to modulate. This approach ensures that the braking feels intuitive and secure for everyday driving, without any abruptness or excessive sensitivity.

Noise and Comfort:
For the average driver, brakes that operate quietly and smoothly are desirable. Therefore, considerations such as reducing brake noise and vibration are prioritized.

Standard Safety Features:
Everyday cars come equipped with essential safety features like ABS and electronic stability control (ESC), ensuring that the car remains stable and controllable during emergency braking scenarios.

Other Factors To Consider

OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE

Each of these areas must be carefully engineered and optimized to create a car that performs at the peak of its potential in terms of speed and overall performance.

While performance upgrades often aim at enhancing speed and agility, they also offer practical benefits for everyday driving, such as improved comfort, safety, and efficiency. However, any modification should be carefully considered and professionally installed to ensure that it enhances rather than detracts from the driving experience.

You’re watching a movie. The protagonist is about to take a drive—possibly the place they are going will help them defeat their adversary or clear their name from a crime for which they’ve been framed. It doesn’t matter because moments before they got in the car, the film’s antagonist (or one of the antagonist’s henchmen) cut the brakes on our hero’s car. They start the car and begin to drive, and it’s not long before they’re on a winding cliffside highway and they realize they can’t stop the car. This plot device is by now a tried and true staple of TV and movies, but how realistic are these depictions of cars careening out of control when the brake lines get sabotaged? What would really happen if your brake lines were cut in real life?

Cutting the brake lines is not like flipping a switch that instantly renders the brakes useless.

Brake lines in a car are a critical component of the braking system. They are responsible for transporting brake fluid from the master cylinder to the individual brakes at each wheel, enabling the car to stop when the brake pedal is pressed. They have a handful of important components, including the brake hose, which is typically made of reinforced rubber and connects the rigid brake lines to the moving parts of the braking system (like the calipers or wheel cylinders). Since these parts move (for example, when the steering wheel is turned or the suspension moves), a flexible hose is needed. Then there’s the brake line itself, which is typically made of metal (often steel or sometimes stainless steel), these are rigid lines that carry brake fluid from the master cylinder to the rest of the braking system.

When you press the brake pedal, the master cylinder generates hydraulic pressure. This pressure travels through the brake lines and hoses, forcing brake fluid through the system. This fluid movement, in turn, activates the brake calipers (or brake shoes in some older vehicles), which press against the brake rotors (or drums), slowing down and eventually stopping the vehicle.

Brake lines are built to be durable, but they can corrode or become damaged over time, especially in regions where road salt is used, or if they suffer physical trauma. It’s important to inspect them regularly for signs of wear, leakage, or damage. Brake hoses, being made of rubber, can deteriorate over time and may become swollen, cracked, or leaky. If any issues are noticed, they should be replaced immediately, as a compromised brake line or hose can lead to brake failure.

Given the critical role brake lines play in vehicle safety, it’s essential to use quality replacement parts when repairs are needed and to ensure proper installation. Any air introduced into the system during maintenance or repair procedures needs to be bled out, as air bubbles can compress, reducing the effectiveness of the braking system.

The wide understanding of the catastrophic failure represented in a cut brake line ensures that viewers instantly grasp the peril the protagonist is in, facilitating immediate engagement with the unfolding drama.

Grab your popcorn and enjoy this time-honored storytelling device, which we’ll undoubtedly see more and more forms of in the future, without worrying too much about this happening to you.

Brake lines are a pivotal part of a car’s braking system, transporting the hydraulic fluid that allows for the safe and controlled slowing and stopping of the vehicle. Proper maintenance and timely repair or replacement of these components are vital for ensuring safe driving conditions.

If the brake line on your car was cut, several things would happen, and all of them are dangerous. Firstly, the brake fluid would start to leak out of the cut line. The rate of leakage would depend on the size of the cut and the pressure in the system when the cut occurred.

As the brake fluid leaks out, the hydraulic pressure in the brake system would drop. This is because the braking system relies on this fluid to transmit pressure from the brake pedal to the brake calipers or drums. The brake pedal would soon begin to feel much softer and would likely go to the floor when pressed. This kind of softness is a clear immediate indication of a severe brake system problem, and if you ever notice softness in your brakes when driving, stop driving immediately and have them looked at by a professional. With the loss of hydraulic pressure, the braking ability of the vehicle would be significantly compromised. Depending on the design of the vehicle’s brake system, you might lose braking power to all wheels or just to a specific axle (front or rear). Some vehicles have a split-diagonal brake system, meaning a failure in one line would affect one front wheel and the opposite rear wheel. Most modern cars have a brake warning light on the dashboard that would likely illuminate if there’s a drop in the brake system’s hydraulic pressure.

To be clear, if your brake lines were cut, the loss of hydraulic fluid would eventually negate your ability to stop. But this would differ from the experience depicted on movies and TV, namely in that there would be a number of strategies you could use to come to a  stop safely without dramatically careening over the side of a cliff like we so often see in films. These would be signs that something had gone wrong and that you might need to consider pulling over. As already pointed out, modern vehicles also have brake warning lights which are triggered as soon as pressure begins to slip out of your brake lines, meaning that this trope is not very realistic for modern vehicles. If the film shows someone driving a vintage car without these kinds of electronics it’s more plausible, but otherwise it would need to explain why the warning light didn’t signal the driver that something was amiss. 

Another key difference between what we see in movies when the brakes are tampered with and reality is that drivers have a backup braking system designed for just such an instance—the emergency brake.

ANTICLIMACTIC ACT

Unless this crucial component, which uses a mechanical cable system rather than hydraulic fluid, has been tampered with as well, pulling or pressing the emergency brake would in theory slow the car down and quickly bring it to a stop. Last but not least, in order to increase the dramatic tension this trope always seems to depict the car picking up speed faster and faster; the danger of the moment ramping up with every second that passes. But of course reality isn’t like this. In most cases all one needs to do to begin slowing down their car is to let off the gas and wait for the car’s momentum to run out. Better yet, follow the road up a hill and let gravity stop the car for you. The only plausible situation where a driver could not use inherent physical forces to slow down would be if they were rolling downhill for a long time unimpeded, which is probably why we often see this trope employed when the driver is cruising on a mountain road. It’s also worth noting that if your brakes suddenly go out in the mountains, many roads on this terrain have “runaway truck ramps” which are essentially lengthy uphill runways paved with rough gravel. Driving off into one of these would give you a good chance at slowing to a stop if you’re ever in this situation in real life.

So if cutting the brake lines is more likely to be noticed when the driver is moving at a slow speed, and more likely to trigger the anticlimactic act of simply rolling to a stop, pulling over to the side of the road, and calling a tow truck, why is it so commonly used in movies?

A few reasons come to mind. Although we know that cutting brake lines is more complicated than it’s made out to be in movies, the notion of a driver who can no longer use their brakes immediately injects a scene with high stakes and palpable tension. The unexpected failure of a vehicle’s brakes not only signifies immediate peril but also represents a form of attack that is both insidious and anonymous. This creates an instant adrenaline rush for the viewer, as the victim is unwittingly plunged into a life-threatening situation. 

Additionally, the trope has a sinister implication, pointing towards a villain who is not only dangerous but also cunning and covert in their methods. It allows the person tampering with the brakes, crucially, to do the deed without their victim seeing them work, which is often necessary for storytelling. This multifaceted threat, which combines immediate physical danger with a deeper, often personal mystery to be solved, allows for rich storytelling in various cinematic genres, from suspenseful thrillers to complex mysteries. 

Moreover, the wide understanding of the catastrophic failure that a cut brake line represents ensures that viewers instantly grasp the peril the protagonist is in, facilitating immediate engagement with the unfolding drama. 

The fact that it has been employed effectively across numerous films—as in 2000’s Drowning Mona, for example—also fortifies its recurring utilization, serving as a tested and powerful mechanism to propel a plot forward and deepen the emotional and narrative complexity. 

So in short—grab your popcorn and enjoy this time-honored storytelling device, which we’ll undoubtedly see more and more forms of in the future, without worrying too much about this happening to you.

What To Do If Your Brakes Go Out

When confronted with a frightening scenario like brake failure while driving, maintaining one’s presence of mind is paramount. You will most likely never find yourself in this situation, but if you do, it’s essential not to give in to panic, which can make the situation more dangerous. Instead, staying calm allows for better decision-making to navigate the car to a safe stop.

In the unsettling event of brake failure, instinctively, one might want to jam the brake pedal, but that isn’t always effective. One alternative method to naturally decrease the car’s speed is by coasting or rolling uphill. Coasting allows the vehicle to decelerate gently by removing your foot from the accelerator. A delicate removal of the foot off the gas pedal, making it so that the vehicle slows down gradually, is vital. Utilize the natural resistance of uphill terrains, whenever possible, as the incline can aid in reducing the vehicle’s momentum more efficiently.

Navigating the car towards an uphill path or a gradient can be extremely helpful in slowing it down. The natural incline allows the gravitational force to act against the direction of the car, aiding in slowing it down without necessitating the brakes. In contrast, downhill paths could amplify the car’s speed, making it more challenging to bring the car to a stop without the help of brakes.

Simultaneously, signaling to other drivers around you is paramount. The use of hazard lights, or four-way flashers, is a universal distress signal. It alerts other drivers that something is wrong, urging them to maintain a safe distance and facilitating a clearer path to maneuver the car without brakes. Additionally, honking intermittently can further emphasize the urgency of the situation, ensuring that other drivers are aware and act responsively.

Communication with fellow drivers through these signals is critical. It creates awareness, which might prevent potential collisions or accidents due to the abrupt or erratic movement of the car experiencing brake failure. It is also conducive to getting help more quickly, as alerting fellow drivers can hasten the process of emergency services being informed and arriving at the scene.

Maintaining a strong focus on steering is another crucial approach. By doing so, it is possible to avoid obstacles, navigate turns, and make sure that the vehicle remains on a path that is productive to bringing it to a halt. The combination of precise steering and the effective use of natural terrains, like uphill paths, can collaboratively facilitate a safer management of the dire situation.

Once the car has come to a complete stop, getting it off the roadway is necessary to prevent any subsequent collisions. From this point, calling for emergency roadside assistance is the best course of action, as professional help will be required to address the brake failure before the car can be driven again.

Remember, these steps require rapid yet calm execution to navigate the vehicle safely during brake failure. Adaptability to the changing traffic and road conditions, while keeping in mind the principles of natural deceleration and clear communication, will be the key to managing the situation with greater safety and efficacy.

Signs Your Brakes Need Attention

Recognizing the signs of potential brake malfunction early is essential for driving safely. By simply heeding some common warning signs and taking your car to get serviced when they crop up, you will almost certainly be able to avoid the situation. Brakes generally don’t just “go out” suddenly like in movies and TV. Rather, the deterioration of the braking system is usually a gradual process that you can catch onto well before you’re in a dangerous situation. One evident sign of brake problems is when you hear a high-pitched squealing noise while braking. This sound typically indicates that the brake pads are worn out and in need of replacement. Another noise to be aware of is a grinding sound, as this could mean that your brake pads are completely worn away, causing metal to grind against metal, which can cause further damage.

Brake fluid levels are also an important aspect of brake functionality. If the brake pedal feels soft or spongy when pressed, it could indicate that the brake fluid is low or there might be air in the brake lines. A brake warning light illuminating on your dashboard is a direct indication of potential issues, possibly related to low brake fluid or other brake-related problems.

Leaking brake fluid is a serious concern and a clear sign of malfunction. You might notice a small puddle of fluid where your car has been parked, or you might detect a sharp, chemical odor after some hard braking. Both are strong indicators of a possible leak in the brake fluid lines.

The responsiveness of the brake pedal can also indicate the health of your brakes. If the pedal goes down further than usual, it may be a sign of worn brake pads or discs, or issues with the brake fluid. Additionally, if the car pulls to one side when braking, it might suggest uneven wear of the brake pads, another warning sign that the brakes may be malfunctioning.

Vibrations or pulsations when braking could indicate warped rotors or that your vehicle is out of alignment. Finally, a general rule is always to be attentive to any changes in the car’s performance while braking. Unusual noises, feelings, or responses should be checked by a professional to ensure that the braking system is functioning safely and effectively.

How To Prevent Your Brakes From Going Out

Taking care of your car’s brakes is fundamental for your safety on the road. Regular maintenance is key to sustaining a braking system that operates effectively. First, make it a habit to have your brakes inspected by a professional during your routine car maintenance services, such as oil changes and tire rotations. They can identify and fix any issues before they escalate into more significant, potentially dangerous problems.

Brake fluid plays a crucial role in your braking system. Ensure it is kept at the proper level and replaced at intervals recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. Keeping an eye on the brake fluid level helps in maintaining the brakes’ responsiveness and efficiency. 

The brake pads and discs (or rotors) are components that wear down over time due to frequent friction and heat. Using high-quality brake pads can improve the longevity and reliability of your brakes. Be mindful of any unusual noises, such as squeaking or grinding, when you brake, as these may be signs that the brake pads or discs need replacing.

Driving habits also impact the lifespan of your brakes. Try to avoid slamming on the brakes and practice gentle, gradual braking whenever possible. This approach not only helps in preserving the brake pads and discs but also enhances overall road safety. 

When you’re driving down steep hills, it’s advisable not to overuse the brakes to control the speed. Instead, downshifting, in which you shift into a lower gear, can be a more effective way to manage your speed without overburdening the braking system. Making sure that your car’s tires are in good condition and properly inflated also enhances the effectiveness of your brakes.

Ultimately, being proactive in brake maintenance, choosing quality brake components, and adopting brake-friendly driving habits are integral strategies to prevent brake failure or problems, ensuring a safer driving experience.

Avoiding highways when driving can have several benefits, depending on your preferences, needs, and the specific circumstances of your trip. Here are some potential advantages of avoiding highways:

Scenic Routes: One of the most significant benefits of avoiding highways is the opportunity to take scenic routes. You can enjoy beautiful landscapes, natural wonders, and picturesque small towns that you might miss when traveling on a fast-paced highway.

Reduced Stress: Highways can be busy and congested, leading to stressful driving conditions. Avoiding them may result in a more relaxed and enjoyable driving experience, especially if you prefer calmer roads.

Discovering New Places: By avoiding highways, you may stumble upon hidden gems and unique places you wouldn’t have found otherwise. Exploring off-the-beaten-path destinations can make your journey more adventurous and memorable.

Cultural Experience: Traveling through local roads and smaller towns can provide you with a more authentic cultural experience. You can interact with locals, sample regional cuisine, and learn about the history and traditions of the areas you pass through.

Avoiding Tolls: Some highways have tolls, and by avoiding them, you can save money on your journey. This is especially beneficial for budget-conscious travelers.

Flexibility: Taking non-highway routes gives you greater flexibility in your travel plans. You can make unplanned stops, change your route on the fly, and adapt to unexpected road closures or detours more easily.

Avoiding Traffic Jams: Highways are often prone to traffic jams, especially during rush hours and holidays. Choosing alternative routes can help you avoid these delays and reach your destination more quickly.

Reduced Fuel Consumption: Highways typically have higher speed limits, which can lead to increased fuel consumption. On local roads, you may drive at lower speeds and achieve better fuel efficiency.

Exploration: If you have extra time and a sense of adventure, avoiding highways allows you to explore and get lost in new areas. It can be a great way to break away from routine and experience the thrill of the unknown.

Safety: Some people may feel safer driving on smaller, less congested roads, especially if they are inexperienced or uncomfortable with high-speed highway driving.

While avoiding highways can offer these benefits, it’s essential to consider the trade-offs. Non-highway routes may take longer, especially for long-distance travel, and they may not always be suitable for time-sensitive trips. It’s crucial to plan your journey based on your priorities, time constraints, and the specific circumstances of your travel. Additionally, using a GPS or mapping app can help you make informed decisions about which roads to take while avoiding highways.

The Route: LA to Phoenix

Although there are a number of ways a person could use to begin their journey to Phoenix from LA, in most cases the fastest way to get out of the city and onto the kinds of scenic highways that will give you that road trip feeling is to get onto the Angeles Crest highway (CA-2) and start climbing up into the San Gabriel mountains. If you’ve never had a chance to drive this route before you may recognize it from any number of movie scenes and car commercials; this being one of the most easily accessible mountain highways from Hollywood, it’s had its share of time on screen.

After forty miles or so you’ll find yourself having climbed back out of the San Gabriels and outside Palmdale and heading toward Victorville. As you make your way east you’ll begin the desert portion of the drive (which will essentially last until you reach Phoenix). Victorville is situated on the southwestern edge of the Mojave Desert, and the road here provides plenty of views of the San Gabriel range from the north. During certain times of the year you can even glimpse snowcaps on the mountains, which contrast the desert environment around you. This stretch of the road has plenty of places to stop for gas, coffee, or a meal.

After Victorville the road will get a lot more remote, and the terrain around you becomes dry and sandy, especially in warmer months. To the south you’ll now be seeing the San Bernardino mountains as well as a lot of isolated topography in the desert. As you progress the road will turn southeast, eventually depositing you on the 29 Palms Highway (CA-62) which runs through the town of Joshua Tree and Twentynine Palms. Both towns have plenty of attractions including restaurants, shops, and art galleries. In addition, you can easily divert to Joshua Tree National Park from here; drive through the park or stop for a hike and, if you can reserve a campsite, spend a night under the stars.

After leaving Twentynine Palms you’ll enter the most remote stretch of the entire drive, so make sure you’ve got water and gas and don’t need a pit stop for a while—there won’t be anywhere to pull off even if you want to for close to a hundred miles. It is during this stretch that you will cross from the Mojave Desert, famous for its Joshua Trees, to the Sonoran Desert, famous for its Saguaro Cactus, and which you will be within for the remainder of the drive. After leaving civilization you’ll enter the Sheephole Valley Wilderness, another stunning nature destination, and you’ll be in a remote patch of the Mojave desert until you reach Vidal Junction near the Arizona border.

Just past Vidal Junction you’ll cross the Colorado River and therefore the California/Arizona Border. Right away you’ll enter Parker, Arizona. The city, in La Paz County, has plenty of places to stop, and it also usually plays host to the Parker 425 off road race, part of the Best of the Desert series. Be sure to pay attention to your engine temperature if you’re driving this part of the route in the summer—the region, averages over 100 degrees fahrenheit in summer months.

Leaving Parker you will head southeast on a remote road until you reach U.S. Highway 60, which will wind northeast through the Sonoran desert and through a series of small towns and U.S. Census-Designated Places. Many of these towns have restaurants and other attractions you can stop at. One, in particular, will come just outside the town of Hope, Arizona. On the left side of the road drivers will glimpse a sign declaring “you are now beyond Hope,” as they leave the town of Hope.

Once again you’ll find yourself on a remote stretch of road without much to see except the road, the desert, and topographical features such as the Harquahala Mountains to the south, which are the highest peaks in this part of Arizona, and the Harcuvar Mountains to the north. Before long you’ll drive into the next major population center on the route—the last one before Phoenix—Wickenburg. This town was founded and populated partly as a center for resupplying the many mining claims in the mountains outside it. Among the usual amenities you can stop and see the historic downtown district here, or visit one of the operational dude ranches outside town, where you can live out your cowboy fantasies.

Continuing on Highway 60 southeast through the desert terrain it won’t be very long before you begin to hit the outskirts of the Phoenix metro area, beginning with suburbs and continuing on into the city itself. There’s no shortage of things to occupy yourself with in Arizona’s largest city, including Heard Museum, dedicated to Native American culture and art, the Desert Botanical Garden, the Arizona Science Center, and the city’s many mountain parks which provide beautiful views of the urban landscape.

Stay in Phoenix for a day or a few then head on back. You can catch the 10 westbound if you’re looking for a shorter drive, or just go back the way you came and stop at all the great spots you missed on the way in. There’s always something else to see on the American road.